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Maize, a staple crop in Uganda, offers significant potential for high yields and profitability when cultivated correctly. However, given the investment required, farmers must adopt best practices to ensure success.

Allen Juliet and Ivan Mukasa, experienced maize growers and assistant managers at Flyland Organic Farms in Nakasongola, share a detailed guide on how to plant maize for optimal results.

1. Field Selection

Field selection is critical, and three factors must be considered:

• Altitude: Maize thrives at higher altitudes, with favourable conditions above 140m. However, other factors such as south-facing sites and free-draining soil must also be present to compensate for the altitude.
• Aspect: Choose south-facing fields with minimal exposure to harsh conditions.
• Soil Type: Medium loams are ideal, as they warm up early in the season, supporting strong plant development. Avoid heavy clay soils, which can hinder seedbed preparation, and extremely sandy soils that dry out quickly.

2. Seedbed Preparation

Maize needs a deep, loose seedbed to allow for unrestricted root growth. Compact soil conditions can delay crop maturity and reduce yield.

• Use machinery like crumblers to loosen soil instead of compacting it further.
• Avoid shallow assessments of dryness; ensure deep soil layers are ready for planting.

3. Drilling and Sowing

Maize seeds must be planted at a uniform depth and in moisture-rich soil.

• Soil temperature should consistently reach 8°C in the mornings over four to five days before drilling.
• Aim to complete drilling by the end of April; delays into May can result in a 1% yield loss per day.
• Sow seeds 7-8 cm deep to prevent damage from birds and pests, ensuring uniform depth and spacing. Precision drills with 76 cm rows are ideal.

4. Variety Selection

Variety choices should be guided by experience and local success stories.

• Farmers should target yields of at least 49.9t/ha (20t/acre) fresh weight.
• Choose a variety that will mature adequately by the end of October.

5. Weed Control

Maize struggles to compete with weeds during its early growth stages.

• Apply pre-emergent herbicides after drilling to control weeds before they develop.
• Avoid delays in post-emergence weed control; tackle weeds before they reach the 2-leaf stage.

6. Crop Nutrition

Nitrogen is essential for maize growth, with additional requirements for potash and phosphate.

• Recommended rates: 180kg/ha potash, 40kg/ha phosphate, and 150kg/ha nitrogen.
• Split nitrogen application: 75% in the seedbed and 25% at the 1-3 leaf stage to overcome the yellow phase at emergence.
• Test soil to account for nutrients from slurry or farmyard manure.

7. Pest and Disease Management

While relatively pest-free, maize can face challenges, particularly when planted after grass.

• Use insecticide and fungicide dressings during drilling to protect against pests like wireworms and corn borers, as well as diseases such as eye spots.

Why Maize is a Valuable Crop in Uganda

Maize is widely consumed across Uganda and supports various byproducts. It matures quickly, is easy to grow, and enjoys high market demand, making it a staple for both farmers and consumers.

By following these steps, Ugandan maize farmers can maximise their yields and profitability while maintaining sustainable practices.